Table: Property values of shape memory alloys

PROPERTY	UNIT	Ni-Ti	Cu-Zn-Al
PHYSICAL
melting point	Celsius	1240-1310 [Ae87,Me87,Be87,Hu89] 1250 [AMT] 1300 [Rayc]	950-1020 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe] 1020 [AMT]
density	g/cm-3	6.4-6.5 [Ta90,Ae87,Me87,Be87,Hu89,Ta89,Hu91] 6.45 [AMT] 6.52 [Ray2] 6.5 [St90, Ray3, Ho89]	7.8-8.0 [Ta90,Ae87,Me87,Hu89,Ta89,EuMe,Hu91] 7.64 [Wu90] 7.9 [AMT] 8.0 [St90] 7.5 [Ho89]
therm. conduct. at 293K	W/(m.K)	10-18 [Ae87,Be87,Hu89,AMT,Alko], 18 [Hu91]	120 [Wu90,Ae87,Hu89,Hu91,], 84 [EuMe]
of austenite	W/(m.K)	18 [Me87,Rayc]	120 [Me87,AMT]
of martensite	W/(m.K)	8.6 [Me87,Rayc]	/
coef. of therm. expans.	(E-6)/K	6.6-10 [AMT]	17 [AMT]
of austenite	(E-6)/K	11 [Me87,Rayc] 10 [Me87,Hu89,Ray2]	/
of martensite	(E-6)/K	6.6 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,Ray2,Rayc]	16-18 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,AMT]
specific heat	J/(kg.K)	470-620 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89] 490 [AMT] 450 [Be87]	390 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,AMT] 400 [Wu90]
transform. enthalpy	J/kg	19000 [Be87] 28000 [AMT]	7000-9000 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe], 7000 [AMT]
corrosion performance	*	similar to 300 series stainless steel [Me87,Rayc] comparable to pure Ti [Be87] excellent [AMT,Hu91]	similar to aluminium bronzes [Me87] poor [Hu91] excelllent [EuMe] fair [AMT]
biological compatibility	*	excellent [AMT], ++ [Hu91]	bad [AMT], - [Hu91]
wear resistance	*	good	/
ELECTROMAGNETIC
resistivity	(E-6).Ohm.m	0.5-1.1 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,AMT,Hu91] 0.7-1.0 [Ta90,Ta89] 0.8 [Ray2]	0.07-0.12 [Ae87,Hu89,AMT,EuMe,Hu91] 0.85-0.97 [Wu90], 0.08-0.13 [Ta90,Ta89]
of austenite	(E-6).Ohm.m	1.0 [Me87,Rayc]	0.07 [Me87]
of martensite	(E-6).Ohm.m	0.8 [Me87,Rayc]	0.12 [Me87]
thermo-electric power	(E-6).V/K	9-13 (mart) [Ae87,Hu89], 5-8 (aust) [Ae87,Hu89]	/
magnetic permeability	*	<1.002 [Me87,Be87,Rayc]	/
magnetic susceptibility	emu/g	3.106. [Me87,Rayc]	/
MECHANICAL
Youngs modulus	GPa	70-98 [Me87] 95 [AMT,Hu91]	70-100 [Me87,Be87,AMT,EuMe] 80 [Hu91]
of austenite	GPa	70 [Be87] 98 [Ae87,Hu89], 97 [Ray2,Rayc]	70-100 [Ae87,Hu89], 72 [Wu90]
of martensite	GPa	/	70 [Wu90]
G (austenite)	GPa	27 [Be87]	/
yield strength	MPa	410 [Rayc]	/
of austenite	MPa	200-800 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89] 100-600 [Be87] 410 [Be87]	350 [Wu90], 150-300 [Me87]
of martensite	MPa	150-300 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89], 50-300 [Be87]	80 [Wu90], 150-300 [Ae87,Hu89]
ultimate tensile strength	MPa	800-1000 [Ta90,Ta89,AMT,Hu91] 900-1500 [St90] 860 [Rayc] 800 [Ho89], 800-1100 [Ae87,Hu89]	400-700 [Ta90,Ta89,St90] 600 [Wu90] 800-900 [AMT] 700-800 [EuMe,Hu91] 500 [Ho89], 700-800 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89]
of martensite	MPa	700-1100 (annealed) [Me87,Be87], 860 [Ray2] 1300-2000 (not anneal.) [Me87,Be87]	/
elongation at failure	%	40-50 [Ta90,Ta89] 50 [Hu91] 30-50 [St90]	10 [Hu89] 10-15 [Ta90,Ta89,EuMe,St90] 15 [Hu91]
of austenite	%	15-20 [Ray2,Rayc]	/
of martensite	%	40-50 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89] 20-60 [Be87] 30-50 [AMT]	10-15 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89] 15 [AMT]
fatigue strength N=1000000	MPa	350 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,AMT]	270 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,AMT,EuMe]
grain size	microm	1-10 [Me87] 50-100 [Ae87,Hu89] 20-100 [AMT]	50-100 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe] 50-150 [AMT]
elastic anisotropy 2.C44.(C11-C22)-1	*	2 [Me87]	15 [Wu90,Me87]
SHAPE MEMORY
transformation temperatures (1)	Celsius	-100 to 100 [Be87] 120 [Ta90,Ta89,St90] -100 to 120 [Ae87,Hu89] -40 to 100 [Hu89] -100 to 110 [AMT] -200 to 100 [Me87,Rayc] -20 to 80 [Hu91]200 to 300 (NiTiPd) [Hu89] 580 (NiTi50at%Pd) [Li90] 108 to 170 (NiTiZr) [Mu93]	-200 to 120 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89] 150 [Ta90] 120 [Ta89,St90] -190 to 100 [Hu93] -200 to110 [AMT] -170 to 110 [EuMe] -200 to 100 [Hu91]
hysteresis	Celsius	20-30 [Me87,Be87,Ta89] 30 [Ae87,Hu89,AMT,Hu91] 4 (NiTi20%Cu) [Mo90] 66 (NiTi9at%Nb) [Ho93] 72.5 (NiTi9at%Nb) [Du89] >120 (NiTi9at%Nb) [Du90a]	5-20 [Hu89] 10-20 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe] 10-25 [Wu90] 7-15 [Ta89] 15 [AMT,Hu91]
one way memory strain	%	8 [Ta90,Ae87,Me87,Hu89,Ta89,Ray2, Hu91,St90,Rayc] 7 [AMT] 6 [Ho89]	6 [Hu89] 5 [Ta90,Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe,Hu91] 4 [Ta89,AMT,St90,Ho89]
when N<100	%	6-8 [Be87]	4 [Wu90]
N<10000	%	2 [Be87]	/
N<1000000	%	0.5 [Be87]	/
two way memory strain	%	5 [Ta90,Ta89] 3.2 [AMT] 4 [Ho89]	4 [Hu89] 2 [Wu90,Ta90,Ta89,Ho89] 0.8 [AMT]
when N<100	%	6 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,Hu91]	1 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe,Hu91]
N<100000	%	2 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,Hu91]	0.8 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe,Hu91]
N<10000000	%	0.5 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,Hu91]	0.5 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe,Hu91]
maximum temperature (1hr) (2)	Celsius	400 [Ta90,Ae87,Ta89,Me87,Hu89,Ho89,AMT]	160 [Ta90,Ta89] 160-200 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe] 200 [Hu89,Ho89] 150 [AMT]
damping capacity (3)	%SDC	15 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89] 20 [AMT]	30 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89] 85 [AMT]
pseudolastic strain	%	/	/
of single crystal	/	10 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89]	10 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe]
of polycristal	/	4 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89], 8 [Hu89] 10 [Du90c]	2 [Ae87,Me87,Hu89,EuMe], 5 [Du90c]
superelastic energy storage	J/g	6.5 [Du90c]	1.8 [Du90c]
max. recovery stress	MPa	600-800 [Me87,Be87] 600 [Hu89,Hu91] 500-900 [Pr90] 700 (NiTi9at%Nb) [Du90a]	700 [Hu89] 500 [Hu91] 550-650 (CuZnAlMn) [Pr90] 400 (CuZn10wt%Al5wt%Mn) [Du90a]
recovery strain	%	8 [Pr90], 8 (NiTi9at%Nb) [Du90a]	3.5 (CuZnAlMn) [Pr90] 3.5 (CuZn10wt%Al5wt%Mn) [Du90a]
stress rate	MPa.K-1	12 [Pe81] 3-20 [Du90a] 4-20 [Pr90] 3.5 (NiTi9at%Nb) [Du90a]	2.5 [Pe81] 2.5-6 [St93] 2-5 [Pr90] 2 (CuZn10wt%Al5wt%Mn) [Du90a]
work output	J/g	4 [Du90b] 1 [Be87]	1 [Du90b]
ECONOMIC
melting, casting and composition control	*	difficult, in vacuum [Ae87,Me87,Hu91]	fair [Ae87] air [Hu91] easier [Me87]
forming (rolling, extrusion)	*	hot, difficult [Ae87,Me87] very difficult [Hu91]	warm, easy [Ae87,Me87] fairly easy [Hu91]
cold working	*	fair [Ae87] difficult [Me87]	restricted [Ae87,Me87]
machinability	*	difficult [Ae87,Me87,Hu91] bad [Be87]	very good [Ae87,Me87] easy [Hu91]
cost ratios (4)	*	10 [Ae87] 100 [Me87]	1 [Ae87] 1.0-10 [Me87]

(1) in most cases As
(2) or short time
(3) dependent on frequency and amplitude
(4) varies greatly on shape, required quantities, etc.

REFERENCES

[Ae87] Aernoudt, J. Van Humbeeck, L. Delaey and W. Van Moorleghem, in: The Science and Technology of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. V. Torra (Impresrapit, Barcelona, 1987) p.221.
[AMT] AMT nv, Commercial brochure
[Alko] ALKOR, Commercial brochure
[Be87] P. A. Besselink, in: The Science and Technology of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. V. Torra (Impresrapit, Barcelona, 1987) p.407.
[Du89] T. W. Duerig and K.N. Melton, in: The Martensitic Transformation in Science and Technology, Ed. E. Hornbogen and N. Jost (DGM Informationsgesellschaft, 1989) p.191.
[Du90a] T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton and J. L. Proft, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990) p.130.
[Du90b] T. W. Duerig, D. Stöckel and A. Keeley, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990) p.181.
[Du90c] T. W. Duerig and R. Zadno, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990) p.369.
[EuMe] EUROPA METALLI-LMI spa, Commercial brochure
[Ho89] E. Hornbogen, Practical Metallography 26 (1989) p.279.
[Ho93] H. Horikawa, Y. Suzuki, A. Horie, S. Yamamoto and Y. Yasuda, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations '92, Ed. C. M. Wayman and J. Perkins (Monterey Institute of Advanced Studies, Carmel, 1993) p.1271.
[Hu89] J. Van Humbeeck and L Delaey, in: The Martensitic Transformation in Science and Technology, Ed. E. Hornbogen and N. Jost (DGM Informationsgesellschaft, 1989) p.15.
[Hu91] J. Van Humbeeck, M. Chandrasekaran and L. Delaey, Endeavour 15 (1991) p.148.
[Hu93] J. Van Humbeeck, M. Chandrasekaran and R. Stalmans, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations '92, Ed. C. M. Wayman and J. Perkins (Monterey Institute of Advanced Studies, Carmel, 1993) p.1015.
[Li90] P. G. Lindquist and C. M. Wayman, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990) p.58.
[Me87] B. G. Mellor, in: The Science and Technology of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. V. Torra (Impresrapit, Barcelona, 1987) p.334.
[Mo90] W. J. Moberly and K. N. Melton, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990) p.46.
[Mu93] J. Mulder, J. H. Maas and J. Beyer, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations '92, Ed. C. M. Wayman and J. Perkins (Monterey Institute of Advanced Studies, Carmel, 1993), p.869.
[Pe81] J. Perkins, Metals Forum 4 (1981) p.153.
[Pr90] J. L. Proft and T. W. Duerig, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W.Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, London, 1990) p.115.
[Rayc] Shape-Memory Metal, Raychem, Commercial Brochure
[Ray2] Control Design with Vease - via Electrically Actuated Shape-Memory Effect, Raychem, Commercial brochure
[Ray3] Shape-Memory metal, Raychem, Commercial brochure
[St90] D. Stoeckel, Advanced Materials & Processes 10 (1990) p.33.
[St93] R. Stalmans, Doctorate Thesis, Catholic University of Leuven, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Heverlee (1993).
[Ta89] P. Tautzenberger, in: The Martensitic Transformation in Science and Technology, Ed. E. Hornbogen and N. Jost (DGM Informationsgesellschaft, 1989) p.213.
[Ta90] Tautzenberger, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990) p.207
[Wu90] M. H. Wu, in: Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Ed. T. W. Duerig, K. N. Melton, D. Stöckel and C. M. Wayman (Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990) p.69.

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